Recall (by the electorate) must be distinguished from revocation (by another body). There are examples of legislation allowing for the early termination of the mayor’s mandate through revocation, in particular where the mayor is not directly elected by the population, as a result of a no-confidence vote taken by the municipal council. This is for example the case in Spain, where it operates as a constructive motion against the mayor (with a vote for a substitute candidate at the same time). Similarly, in Estonia, where mayors are not elected by direct vote, but by the municipal council, the council may take a vote of no-confidence both against the mayor and against one of its members. In Serbia, while between 2004 and 2008 there was an option to recall a mayor by way of popular vote, under the current legislation the municipal assembly is authorised to revoke mayors. In Italy too, according to law 81/1993, in municipalities with more than 15.000 habitants, the directly elected mayor may be forced to an early-termination by a no-confidence vote of the municipal council. However, as a consequence of the non-confidence vote, at the same time the council is dissolved (according to the principle “aut simul stabunt aut simul cadent”) and new elections are called for both bodies.